T h e Ess e n ce o f Re lig i o n
21
oath of allegiance (623
a
.
d
.), when 75 peopl e of Madinah (73 men
and 2 women) came to the Prophet and accepted Islam, they were
told by the Prophet to appoint twelve leaders (
Al-Bidayah wan-
Nihayah
, Vol. 3, p. 160). So they chose twelve responsible persons
from among themselves. Three belonged to theAws tribe and nine
to the Khazraj tribe. Then the Prophet addressed them thus:
“You are the guardians of the believers of Madinah” (
Zarqani
,
Vol. 1, p. 382). The leadership of Jafar, who was appointed leader
of the emigrants to Abyssinia was also of this nature (
Seerat ibn
Hisham
). Similarly, whenever Muslims spread out from Arabia
across the world, they endeavoured to establish their social
structures. In addition to leading an Islamic life and calling others
to Islam, they gave basic importance to organization, so that they
were able to perform their religious duties under one leader.
The last stage of Islamic organization is the formation of a
political setup which, in religious terminology, is called
Nasb-e-
Imamat
, the appointment of an Imam. According to all schools of
religious thought, the establishment of a political and social leader
of Muslims is obligatory. This matter is so important that there is
not a single book on religious law and creeds which has not dealt
with this issue.
It is specially stated in
Sharh al-Mawaqif
,
Sharh Maqasid
and
Aqaaide al-Nasafi
that it is compulsory for Muslims to have an
Imam
. With one minor exception, no group disagrees over this
issue. Ibn Hazm writes:
All Sunnis, Murjea, Shia, and Khawarij (except the now extinct
Najdat sect) agree on the obligatory nature of the
Imamat
(
Al Melal
wa al Nehal
, p. 72).
The only difference of opinion on this matter is that the people
of the
Ahl al-Sunnah wa al Jama’a
take this to be a canonical order,
while some other groups, such as
Zaidiya
and
Mutazela
, consider
it necessary as being the demand of reason. But, as mentioned
above, the matter of appointing a political leader is relevant only
in a Muslim society which has acquired an independent status as a
social group and, as such, is in a position to set up its own separate
