T h e Ess e n ce o f Re lig i o n
17
and his circumstances. If “worship” in essence means submission
of the inner self then, in external respects, man is required to make
a complete surrender to God of his outward self. In other words,
man shouldmould his external life entirely on the pattern indicated
by God. It is the duty of all believing men and all believing women
to reject other inducements and to submit totally to God in all
matters that they face in this life:
O believers, submit all of you wholeheartedly, and do not walk
in Satan’s footsteps; he is your sworn enemy (2:208).
The second category of commandments, for which we
have chosen the title
Ita‘ah
(submission), may be termed social
commandments. These are commandments the obeying of which
does not depend upon the will of an individual believer. These can
be carried out only when the whole of society is prepared to accept
them. That is why such commandments have always been sent by
God only when the believers had already established a political
organization among themselves, and when they were in a position
to enforce such social laws. Thus the social laws of the Shari‘ah are
addressed to any Muslim society which is invested with authority,
rather than to individual believers who have no political power.
We find in the history of the Israelites that so long as they were
under the rule of the Copts of Egypt, they were not given the legal
commandments which appear in the Old Testament. Only when
they had left Egypt for the Sinai desert and acquired the status
of an independent, authority-invested group, did God send His
laws to them (Exodus 15:25). Exactly the same course was adopted
in Arabia. During the Makkan period, when the faithful were a
minority with no authority, only the basic part of the Shari‘ah was
revealed, for the establishment of which no political power was
required. Every Muslim could adopt those laws in his life by his
own personal decision. The rest of the Shari‘ah continued to be
revealed according to the circumstances. That is to say, detailed
commandments regarding social life were given in Madinah once
the faithful had acquired temporal authority there.
The order in which these laws arrived shows that ordinarily the
