Life and Teachings of the Prophet Muhammad
4. The Concept of the State in Islam
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political system of Islam is based on mutual adjustment, this being
one of the most important social principles of Islam, which is
equally desirable both prior to and after receiving political power.
It is noteworthy that this verse enjoining Muslims to settle their
affairs by consultation was revealed in Makkah, whereas Muslims
received political power only in Madinah after their migration. The
revelation of this verse in Makkah shows that this principle of
consultation is an all-time social principle. The practical proof of
this principle at all times is made clear by the fact that whenever
any social problems arose, the Prophet would always call his
companions for consultation.
Therefore we find in the books of Seerah (the Prophet’s
biography) a number of examples, which begin with these words:
“O people, give me advice.”
After the death of the Prophet in Madinah in 632, Abu Bakr
Siddiq was appointed as a leader of the believers, and first
successor of the Prophet. Events tell us that the Prophet was of the
opinion that this task of leadership should go to Abu Bakr, but he
never nominated the latter, nor did he prepare a will.
There were, however, certain indications during his lifetime of
his wishes. For instance, the task of congregational prayer is such
as performed only by the head of the State. That is why the
Prophet of Islam used to lead the prayer himself. For, according to
Islam, the Imam of the mosque should be one who is the leader of
the political institution, or he could be one appointed by the head
