structure, and random effects can only harm it. The American ge-
neticist B.G. Ranganathan explains this as follows:
First, genuine mutations are very rare in nature. Secondly, most
mutations are harmful since they are random, rather than or-
derly changes in the structure of genes; any random change in
a highly ordered system will be for the worse, not for the bet-
ter. For example, if an earthquake were to shake a highly or-
dered structure such as a building, there would be a random
change in the framework of the building which, in all probabil-
ity, would not be an improvement.
52
Not surprisingly, no mutation example, which is useful, that is,
which is observed to develop the genetic code, has been observed so
far. All mutations have proved to be harmful. It was understood that
mutation, which is presented as an “evolutionary mechanism,” is
actually a genetic occurrence that harms living things, and leaves
them disabled. (The most common effect of mutation on human be-
ings is cancer.) Of course, a destructive mechanism cannot be an
“evolutionary mechanism.” Natural selection, on the other hand,
“can do nothing by itself,” as Darwin also accepted. This fact shows
us that there is no “evolutionary mechanism” in nature. Since no
Introduction
131
Accidental muta-
tions develop into
defects in humans
as well as other
living beings. The
Chernobyl disas-
ter is an eye-
opener for the ef-
fects of muta-
tions.
